Sains Malaysiana 53(11)(2024): 3573-3591

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5311-03

Pengenalpastian dan Pencirian Lokus Jenis Pengawanan (mat) yang Mengawal Proses Pengawanan Seksual Kulat Patogen Kelapa Sawit Ganoderma boninense

(Identification and Characterization of the Mating Type (MAT) Loci that Control the Sexual Mating Process of the Oil Palm Pathogenic Fungus Ganoderma boninense)

ANIS FARHAN FATIMI AB WAHAB^1,2, IZWAN BHARUDIN¹, SHARMILAH VETARYAN², FARAH DIBA ABU BAKAR¹ & ABDUL MUNIR ABDUL MURAD^1,*

¹Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangssan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²FGV R&D Sdn. Bhd., FGV Innovation Centre (Biotechnology), PT. 23417 Lengkuk Teknologi, 71760 Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 29 April 2024/Diterima: 7 Ogos 2024

Abstrak

Ganoderma boninense merupakan kulat patogen utama penyebab penyakit reput pangkal batang (BSR) terhadap tanaman kelapa sawit. Sepanjang kitar hidupnya, kulat ini menghasilkan dua jenis miselium iaitu miselium monokarion dan miselium dwikarion. Walau bagaimanapun, hanya miselium dwikarion (miselium sekunder) sahaja yang berkeupayaan untuk menjangkiti pokok kelapa sawit. Miselium dwikarion terbentuk apabila dua miselium monokarion yang membawa lokus jenis pengawanan berbeza, bertemu, melakur dan seterusnya mengawan untuk membentuk miselium dwikarion. Sehingga kini, masih tiada penelitian dilakukan terhadap gen jenis pengawanan yang terdapat pada lokus jenis pengawanan kulat ini. Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti gen jenis pengawanan kulat G. boninensemenggunakan kaedah perlombongan data genom G. boninenseG3 yang terdapat pada pangkalan NCBI dan mencirikan gen tersebut secara in-silico. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, dua lokus jenis pengawanan, iaitu lokus jenis pengawanan A (matA) yang menempatkan gen mengekod faktor transkripsi homeodomain 1 (HD1) dan homeodomain 2 (HD2), dan lokus jenis pengawanan B (matB) yang menempatkan lapan gen ste3 yang mengekod protein reseptor feromon dan lima gen phr yang mengekod protein pelopor feromon pengawanan telah berjaya dikenal pasti masing-masing terletak pada LG-2 dan LG-7. Kebanyakan gen jenis pengawanan ini menunjukkan variasi jujukan yang tinggi dengan gen jenis pengawanan daripada Ganoderma sp. yang lain. Kesimpulannya, kehadiran dua lokus jenis pengawanan dalam genom G. boninenseini telah mengesahkan secara molekul bahawa pengawanan seksual kulat ini dikawal oleh sistem pengawanan jenis tetrakutub.

Kata kunci: Ganoderma boninense; lokus jenis pengawanan; penyakit reput pangkal batan

Abstract

Ganoderma boninense is the main causal agent for basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm. During its life cycle, this fungus produces two types of mycelia, known as the monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia. However, only dikaryotic mycelia are capable of infecting the living oil palm and causing the BSR disease. Dikaryotic mycelia are formed when two compatible monokaryons successfully mate. However, the mating components and process for this fungus are poorly understood at the molecular level. Hence, the objectives of this study were to identify proteins that may be involved in the mating process via genome mining using the G. boninense G3 genome database and to perform in-silico characterization on the identified putative mating-type genes. Based on the analysis, two mating-type loci, known as the mating-type A (matA) locus where the homeodomain 1 (HD1) and homeodomain 2 (HD2) genes reside, and the mating-type B (matB) locus where eight ste3 and five phr genes are located, have been successfully discovered at LG-2 and LG-7, respectively. Even among Ganoderma species, the majority of mating-type genes show significant sequence variation. In conclusion, the presence of two mating-type loci in the G. boninense G3 genome has molecularly confirmed that this fungus harbors the tetrapolar mating system that governs its sexual reproduction process.

Keywords: Basal stem rot disease; Ganoderma boninense; mating-type loci

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: munir@ukm.edu.my